reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf

Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. /Contents 4 0 R Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. Payment Details. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. % FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. /Font << So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. Such arrangement would inter alia breed neglect, frustration and aggression; no thanks to the red-tape inherent in unitarism. Required fields are marked *. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr We appreciate you. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. Hon. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. /Filter /DCTDecode Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. Federalism in India. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. >> /BitsPerComponent 8 This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. The Plural nature of Nigeria. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. /Type /Page Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. 3. /F5 18 0 R Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Your email address will not be published. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . You are welcome dear reader. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. 2. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. /Length 14727 Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. (Tanzi, 1996). Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. However, that is not so in a federal government system. Nigeria. Adobe d C Rt. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Keywords: Civil war, Secession, Self-determination, Nationalism and Restructuring, This work critically examines the issues undermining the unification of Nigeria, using indicators and concepts including failed state, separatist agitation and insecurity. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. Required fields are marked *. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. 7 Topics . Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. Historical experience 3.2 2. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . June 1,2022 This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria.