why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558 why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Best Answer. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Boston Spa, We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Boston Spa, Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. to answer the Section Focus Question: This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. This increased tension between England and Spain. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Mary was spared. The attack was a success. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Boston House, Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. VAT reg no 816865400. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. Why religious compromise was so difficult. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. As such, I disagree with the statement. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Company Reg no: 04489574. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. - send 2000 to rebels. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. This meant atholics did not think . Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. 14-16 / However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Company Reg no: 04489574. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. West Yorkshire, Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Most people in . and reversing the religious settlement. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). LS23 6AD Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. 1. It had to deal with Irish . Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Boston House, Elizabeth lived quietly at her . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Boston Spa, Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. VAT reg no 816865400. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. By 1568 most people had accepted. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. 214 High Street, Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. . The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Europe. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. Doodle's Point of View Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. She was a Protestant. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Died: 24 March 1603. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. . Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. LS23 6AD In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. brayden and tinsley beane, street parking melbourne,